Yeah - that's a good one Ken. That's one of the secret sauce bits, but I'm trying to make it happen for a cart - still having trouble figuring out where to get information on the tire's travel, though. I've got it working in a straight line, but nothing happens when the cart is turning - still a couple of math tricks left that I can use on it, though.
For the ball (I guess this should be another general expression to use):
Arc length is 2*pi*angle, where the angle is in radians. The length the ball travels on the ground must be equal to the arc length it rolls along (assuming no slippage). So with a little algebra:
Angle = distance / (2*pi)
Of course, now all you have to do is figure out which axis of the model bone goes with which angle, which isn't always easy to do right away, let me tell ya

Edit: Sorry, I'm getting things messed up with this whole radian/degree duality that the expressions use. The real formula:
radius*angle (in radians) = distance
Converting to degrees and solving:
angle = distance / radius * (180 / pi)